Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (kadang-kadang disebut reported speech) adalah kalimat tak langsung atau kalimat berita. Kalimat langsung (direct speech) adalah kalimat yang keluar dari mulut si pembicara yang kita dengar secara langsung, tanpa perantara. Kalimat langsung ditulis dalam tanda petik. Jika kalimat langsung tersebut diceritakan kembali oleh orang lain, jadilah kalimat tak langsung. kalimat tak langsung tidak menggunakan tanpa petik, dan tidak mesti diceritakan kata demi kata.

Ketika kita membuat kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak langsung, tense-nya biasanya berubah. Hal ini karena kalimat tak langsung biasanya menceritakan sesuatu yang sudah lampau (karena orang yang berbicara tersebut melakukannya pada masa lampau). Oleh karena itu kata kerjanya juga menjadi kata kerja lampau.

Contoh :

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Perubahan Tense

Ketika Anda menceritakan kembali perkataan seseorang, maka tense-nya menjadi lampau: (Perhatikan bagaimana tense dalam kalimat langsung (sebelah kiri) berubah jika dibuat ke dalam kalimat tak langsung (sebelah kanan): Perhatikan bagian yang bercetak tebal:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple  She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb kadang-kadang berubah pula:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will  She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would  She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can  She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could  She said she could teach English online.
must  She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall  She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should  She asked what we should learn today.
may  She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might  She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Perhatian - could, would, should, might dan ought to tidak berubah.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

Kita bisa menggunakan present tense dalam kalimat tak langsung jika kita menceritakan  sesuatu yang tidak berubah, misalnya nama saya Lynne dan selamanya tetap Lynne (tidak pernah akan berubah).

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

Kita juga bisa menggunakan present tense jika kita bericara tentang masa yang akan datang.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.	She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

Perubahan Waktu

Jika kalimat tak langsung mengandung keterangan waktu, maka keterangan waktu tersebut perlu pula kita ubah agar sesuai.

Sebagai contoh, kita perlu mengganti kata seperti here dan yesterday jika kata keterangan waktu tersebut mempunyai arti yang berbeda dengan waktu dan tempat kita melaporkan (menceritakan kembali kalimat tersebut)

Direct (hari ini)	Indirect (esok hari)
"Today's lesson is on presentations." (“Pelajaran hari ini sedang disampaikan)	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. (Dia berkata bahwa pelajaran kemarin sudah disampaikan)

keterangan waktu jika diceritakan pada hari yang berbeda
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

Jika kita melaporkan (menceritakan) sesuatu yang dikatakan oleh orang lain di tempat yang berbeda dengan tempat kita mendengarnya, kita harus mengganti nama tempat (here) menjadi nama tempat (there)

contoh:-

Kita mendengar ini di tempat kerja:	Kita menceritakannya di rumah:
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

 

Perubahan kata ganti (pronomina)

Dalam kalimat tak langsung, kata ganti sering berubah.

Contoh :

Me	You
"I teach English online."	She said she teaches English online.

 

Reporting Verbs

Said, told dan asked adalah kata kerja paling umum digunakan dalam kalimat tak langsung.

Kita menggunakan asked untuk melaporkan kalimat tanya (membuat kalimat tanya tak langsung):-

contoh: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

Kita menggunakan told dengan objek (diikuti objek).

contoh: Lynne told me she felt tired.

!Ingat – me di dini adalah objek dari told.

Kita biasanya menggunakan said tanpa diikuti objek.

Contoh: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

Jika said diikuti oleh objek, kita harus menyertakan to ;

Contoh: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

!Ingat – dalam hal ini kita biasanya menggunakan kata kerja told.

Contoh: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.

Ada banyak kata kerja yang bisa kita gunakan selain said, told and asked.

Termasuk:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Menggunakan kata kerja-kata kerja di atas dengan tepat bisa mempbuat apa yang Anda katakana menjadi lebih menarik dan informative.

Contoh:

He asked me to come to the party:-
Dibuat indirect speech menjadi:

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Gunakan 'That'  dalam reported speech

Dalam reported speech, kata that sering digunakan.

Contoh: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

Akan tetapi, that bisa dihilangkan.

Contoh: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

!Ingat - That tidak digunakan dalam kalimat Tanya, sebagai gantinya kita gunakan if.

Contoh: He asked me if I would come to the party.

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammarpage.htm